Free Essays - The Four Castes of Orthodox Hinduism in Siddhartha :: Hesse Siddhartha Essays

The Four Castes of Orthodox Hinduism in Siddhartha     The four castes of Orthodox Hinduism are Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha. These four castes are the four stages of a mans invigoration and four legitimate ends that a man may pursue. Author Hermann Hesse applied each of these four stages to the different phases of Siddharthas path leading to peace.   The novel Siddhartha relates the story of a young man traveling the path leading to peace. This young man is Siddhartha. Throughout the novel, Siddhartha changes his religion and thoughts about the ways of the world several times. Other characters, who form Siddhartha, are his father, the prostitute Kamala, the rich merchant Kamaswami, best friend Govinda, and the river merchant Vasudeva.   The first caste, Dharma, is adherence to the holy law, careful performance of rituals, and avoidance of taboos. Siddhartha experienced Dharma turn living with his father, he performed his holy ablutions, his holy offerings (Hesse 3). Siddhartha regularly performed the religious rituals. While he seemed content, he was not. He soon left his father to pursue peace.   The assist caste, Artha, is the acquisition and preserving of wealth. Siddhartha experienced Artha by the means of the rich merchant Kamaswami. Kamaswami asked Siddhartha questions and he learned how clever he was. Therefore, Kamaswami hired Siddhartha to work for him the merchant entrusted him with writing master(prenominal) letters and contracts and got into the habit of conferring with him on all important matters (Hesse 60). Siddhartha soon acquired great wealth.   The third caste, Kama, refers to the enjoyment of the world. Siddhartha did this with the help of the prostitute Kamala, the man who learned love from her was an just in many pleasures (Hesse 65). By Kamala, Siddhartha had learned how to enjoy worldly pleasures. He soon became and expert.   The fourth caste is Moksha, which is the final release from the long series of incarnations.

Amendments to the Constitution Essay -- First Amendment, Second Amend

The framers of our Constitution knew that time has a way of changing countries and their citizens. Our country was in a whirlwind of change in 1789 as people were experiencing freedom from the tyranny of England for the first time in their lives. Our country was being molded and formed into a great nation by the founding fathers. Expectations and rules had to be set to protect the justifiedlys of the minorities and majorities. Amendments to the Constitution were written to ensure equality for all in changing times.The scratch line Amendment is one of the most recognized rights in the Bill of Rights. It is a basic right that seems to help define each person as an individual until now as part of an association. The amendment states that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the insistence or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances (Constitution, Amendment 1)This amendment gave the right to secure and practice any religion. Religion was the reason that the Puritans remaining England. They wanted to be free to start their own churches and be free from religious persecution. The first amendment allows individuals the right to be part if any religion, if any, of their choosing. The vast legal age of religious associations attest to this amendment Catholics, Protestants, Scientologists, Jews, Hindus, and many, many more. United States citizens also enjoy the right to express themselves and their opinions in printed form or verbally. This is known as the freedom of the press. on that point are restrictions within reason, such as restrictions on libel and slander, and obscene act... ...ad a ban on handguns for 32 years. The ruling states that the Second Amendment guarantees the individual right to posses a firearm, even if they have no connection to a military organization, as long as the firearm is for law abiding reasons, such as self-defense in the home. (Fields, 2010). The First and Second Amendments will forever be contemporary issues. The rights that are guaranteed to us are the same ones that allow us to move our government and allow for change. It will be a challenge for our courts to keep up with the changing times yet keep our rights intact. These rights are part of the foot of our society. The framers had insightful intent to include the basic rights of all people for generations. Our great nation has flourished because of these rights- they allow each all of us to be unique individuals small-arm being completely whole.

The Influence of Stress on Dopamine Levels :: Biology Essays Research Papers

The Influence of Stress on Dopamine LevelsIn the quest to survive, every support organism is equipped with the armor to withstand the impacts of stress. The African savanna leaves the zebra in an anxiety-ridden position of vulnerability to predators. Stress may can be as basic as the lack of food, habitat, or reproductive success. Humans are especially aware of the impacts of stress due to the nature of todays contemporary lifestyle. as well many daily demands can give a person anything from insomnia to indigestion to depression. Every person is equipped to naturally deal with large amounts of stress, but when these amounts stand out what the body can handle, discomfort is considerable.Besides the qualitative approach to coping with stress, what bodily mechanisms are responsible for dealing with anxiety? The nervous system is approximately solely credited with this task. The complex interaction system between billions of individual neurons facilitates large number of behaviors th at result due to inputs originating inside and outside the organism. Spaces between conterminous neurons are called synapses, and one way in which they communicate is by sending chemical signals called neurotransmitters across the presynaptic membrane to the postsynaptic membrane. Years of nervous system research wear determined that stress activates the neurotransmitter, dopamine.The functions of dopamine are numerous, but in general it inhibits transmission of nerve impulses. This transmitter is found throughout the body, though mainly housed in the brains interior basil ganglia, in the frontal lobe of the information-processing center of the brain, or in the limbic system (1).Many chronic diseases result from the overproduction or underproduction of dopamine. The dopamines inability to move into the frontal lobe of the brain results in the inability to control fine motor movement and is familiarly called Parkinson Disease(1) . If the descend of dopamine throughout the nervous system is not allowed to circulate as usual, then schizophrenia follows (1).Now that the extreme abnormalities of dopamine have been discussed, lets look at how dopamine affects the average person who is subjected to a stressful environment. One study maintains that the chewing behavior of mice is a response to stress, and therefore it serves as a coping device. The body responds to stress by the activation of the cerebral dopaminergic (DA) system. The study shows that when given the option of chewing, the activation of mouse DA system is displace out (2) In other words, when allowed to chew, a mouses body will have prolonged the presence of stress-managers this coping mechanism reduces the impact of the stress.

Escaping the Fog of Pride and Prejudice :: Pride Prejudice Essays

Escaping the Fog of Pride and Prejudice         The words of the title of Jane Austens novel, Pride and Prejudice, shroud the of import characters, Elizabeth and Darcy in a fog.  The plot of the novel focuses on how Elizabeth and Darcy escape the fog and find each other.  Both characters must individually recognize their faults and purge them.  At the beginning of the novel, it seems as if the two will never be able to escape the thick fog.  The scene at the Netherfield ball makes the marriage of Elizabeth and Darcy much more(prenominal) climactic because the pride and preconceived idea of both increases greatly during the night.         The Netherfield ball is the first time Darcy and Elizabeth dance.  When Darcy asks Elizabeth she is so surprised and confused that she says yes to a man who she is determined to hate.  At the Meryton ball she had quickly made a sketch of Darcys character.  Comp ared to Jane who never sees a fault in any body (11), she doesnt believe only the best in e rattlingone.  She is usually right about people.  From simply hearing Mr. Collins letter, she asks if he is a sensible man, which he proves not to be.  She is precisely perceptive of everyone except Wikham  and Darcy.         At the Meryton ball, Darcy is very reserved.  He refuses to dance with Elizabeth when Bingley asks him to, saying that Elizabeth is not handsome enough to tempt him.  Elizabeths pride is hurt and she characterizes Darcy as disagreeable and proud.  When Elizabeth first meets Wikham, she is blinded by her prejudice of Darcy as she accepts everything harmful Wikham has to say of Darcy.  The plot of the rest of the book revolves around Elizabeth discovering the true nature of both Darcy and Wikham.  At the Netherfield ball, it seems this will never happen.  From the beginning of the night, when Eliza beth discovers Wikham didnt aid the ball in order to avoid Darcy she was resolved against any sort of conversation with him  (60).  Her hate of Darcy is sharpened, yet when he asks her to dance, she accepts in her confusement.         There is an awkwardness in the midst of the two as they start to dance.

Wal-Mart Essay -- essays research papers fc

Many retail stores atomic number 18 created by an owner that has a very creative belief for marketing products. Not every stores seem to stay in business partly due to the lack of interest shown in later years of the businesss growth. The chains that tend to succeed are of course financially backed but the owner of the stores stays creative and innovative in their ideas to keep promoting the chain. One of the best examples of an entrepreneur succeeding in their idea for success lies in one man Sam Walton, creator of Wal-Mart.At the heart of Wal-Marts growth is the unique culture that "Mr. Sam" built. His business school of thought was based on the simple idea of making the customer No. 1. He believed that by serving the customers needs number 1, his business would also serve its associates, shareholders, communities and new(prenominal) stakeholders. The goal at Walmart.com is to bring Mr. Sams culture and philosophy from Wal-Mart stores to the Internet. Sam Walton had three basic beliefs the company was built on. Sam Walton built Wal-Mart on the revolutionary philosophies of justice in the workplace, customer service and always having the lowest prices. They have always stayed true to the Three Basic Beliefs Mr. Sam established in 1962 1. Respect for the private 2. Service to Our Customers 3. Strive for Excellence Sam Walton always knew he wanted to be in the retailing business. He started his career by running a Ben Frankling franchise store and learned about buying, pricing and passing good deals on to customers. He credits a manufacturers agent from New York, Harry Weiner, with his first real lesson about pricing "Harry was selling ladies panties for $2 a dozen. Wed been buying similar panties from Ben Franklin for $2.50 a dozen and selling them at three equate for $1. Well, at Harrys price of $2, we could put them out at four for $1 and make a great promotion for our store. Heres the simple lesson we learned ... say I bought an item fo r 80 cents. I found that by pricing it at $1.00, I could sell three times more of it than by pricing it at $1.20. I might make only half the profit per item, but because I was selling three times as many, the overall profit was a lot greater. Simple enough. But this is really the essence of discounting by cutting your price, you can boost your sales to a point where you earn far more at the cheaper retail than you would h... ...t have not agreed to pay back wages.Wal-Mart tends to hire very faithful, hard-working employees. They tend to stay in the company over their whole career. Brenda Whitlock, a Wal-Mart co-manager, stated, There havent been any recent changes in our upper management or change of ownership. She also stated that they were only hiring for cashiers at this time due to their successful upper management. She wouldnt release the information pertaining to their computer and distribution systems due to their high regard towards their IT department.Wal-Mart has shown a steady surge in annual revenues reaching the level of $1 billion in annual sales in 1979. To twenty-four hours, it often sells that much in a single day in 2001. In 2002, Wal-Mart with its $220 billion in revenues topped the Fortune 500 for the first time ever, overtaking Exxon Mobil and General Motors. Wal-Mart started off as an innovative idea and later became a marketing and sales success.Bibliography1998 Year-end Earnings Fact Sheet, Wal-Mart, February 24,1998, pgs. 1-2.Wal-Mart Creation of a profitable Retail Chain, Wal-Mart,February 8, 2001, pgs. 1-10.Whitlock, Brenda. Co-Manager of Wal-Mart, Fayetteville, Ga.

Colonialism and Imperialism - European Invasion Depicted in Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness essays

The European Invasion in Heart of Darkness The pedestal of the European invasion of Africa, as seen through the eyes of Marlow in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, takes a dramatic turn. At first, Marlow sees through the European viewpoint, where the invasion is a heroic attempt to tame a mysterious purification, while reaping the rewards of the ivory trade. The descriptions of the natives are inhuman, antic and fearful. The shift in perception occurs as Marlow begins to see through the eyes of the natives. The result is compassion for an ancient civilization that is very much human in there fear of being conquered. Part of Marlows European viewpoint stems from people he respects. From his excellent aunts Christian viewpoint, there is a duty in ablactate those ignorant millions from their horrid ways(Longman, P.2199). Marlow becomes influenced by the members in the partnership mostly concerned with obtaining ivory I also was a part of the great deliver of these high and jus t proceedings(2202). The European viewed conquering the ignorant and using their ivory for wealth as heroic. The description of he mangers office walls contained a collecting of spears, assegais, shields, knives was hung up as trophies(2208). In addition, the mission of Kurtz becomes a very important one, in the true ivory-country, the very bottom there (2204). Here the European viewpoint of invading Africa is heroic verses horrific. Through the description of hoe Marlow first view the natives there is an expression of fear felt toward the uncivilized race not viewed as human. After the death of Marlows African helmsman, Marlow question his sorrow for the loss for a savage who was no more than a grain of sand in a black Sahara(2227). In addition, when approaching Kurtz, Marlows fearful description of an approaching native is Some sorcerer, some witch-man, no doubt It looked fiend-like enough (2237). The fear of the unfamiliar culture unfolds with mysterious niggers armed with a ll kinds of fearful weapons(2204). In this viewpoint, fear is the European excuse for the invasion. The shift in Marlows perception towards the natives develops as compassion for the fear Europeans pack inflicted occurs. Marlow sees though the eyes of the natives with The glimpse of the steamboat had for some reason filled those savages with unrestrained grief (2221). Unfolding is the discovery that the savages are human after all.

What is Golf?

Of all the games ever invented by man, golf, in my opinion, is by far the greatest. golf is different than other games. Golf challenges the mind, body, and soul. Golf is not a game that is meant to be fetched against other people or even against the melodic phrase. It is a game that challenges the individual. It forces a person to make decisions that atomic number 50 lead to a feeling of great accomplishment or to a feeling of hope littleness and despair. To the average person golf may be secure a game, but to millions of golfers manhoodwide, it is more than just a game, it is a way of life.It is something that is lived and breathed, it is royal and ancient, and it is the greatest game ever invented. Golf as we see it today originated from a game p entered on the eastern coast of Scotland in the Kingdom of Fife during the 15th century. Players would hit a pebble around a natural course of sand dunes, rabbit runs and tracks using a stick or primitive club. Golf is the greate st game ever played because of its history, difficulty, and views. Golf as we know it today originated from a game played on the eastern coast of Scotland.Golf is nonpareil of oldest sports that we play here in America. The history of golf impacts how we play it today greatly. Golf is a game of integrity, honesty, and tradition. It is the only sport where you have to give yourself a penalty, even if no one saw it. we do this because golf is a game of gentleman and we are upholding the integrity of the game. Todays golf courses consist of 18 holes or a front nine and a back nine. However, forward to 1764 this was not the case. The Old Course at St. Andrews is the oldest known, and most likely the first course ever constructed. It consisted of 12 holes, 11 of which were played. The course started at the center of St. Andrews and followed the lay of the land out to the town of River Eden. After reaching the 11th hole, the players would turn around and play 11 holes back using the sam e greens and holes. Thus, a full round consisted of 22 holes and only 11 greens. In 1764, the Royal and Ancient rules committee cut four holes out of the course which reduced the sum of holes on a course to todays common 18.As more courses were built, course architects began to construct 18 separate greens to add both character and guard to the courses. A common joke is that the reason we have 18 holes is because there is 18 shots of whiskey in a bottle. Golfs history is one reason why this game is so great, because we still try to play the game the same way our ancestors did. You would think since golf is so difficult that less people would play it. Well the reason people do play golf is because they want the challenge.A beginning golfer can go to the stretch and hit 300 hundred terrible golf shots and hate the game. As soon as he hits that one perfect shot he gets hooked again, because there is nothing better than seeing that golf ball soar through the air. Golf is the only ga me that an average person can do the same thing that a tour pro can do. In what other game, in what other walk of life, can you perform something that in that number is as good as it can be?The average person cannot go to a major league ballpark and hit a rarified slam to win a game, but when the average person makes a hole in one, it is a shot that no one, not Phil Mickelson and not goose Nicklaus in his prime, could have done better at that moment in that place. The chance of, and quest for, perfection is what keeps golfers coming back. What makes this game so difficult is because we do it once and believe that we should be able to do it every time. This is what separates the average person from a tour pro. I have hit shots that tiger wood would be satisfied with, the only difference is that he does it much more often than I do.Golf is the most difficult game in the world but that is what makes it so satisfying and fun. Golf has some of the most amazing views in the world. Som e baseball stadiums have good views of city skyscrapers. The rare college football stadium will glimpse a beautiful campus. Our indoor arenas increasingly all look alike and now they are louder than an airport runway. If you fish, hike, surf or ski, maybe you have an argument on this subject, but compared with all the mainstream sports, golf has no equal in terms of the setting.There are hundreds of golf courses that put up into the ocean, hundreds more that wind through forests, hundreds more with majestic mountain views and hundreds more that flow through parkland valleys. Stand on the 18th tee at Pebble Beach, a few feet from the Pacific Ocean with the spray from the waves landing softly on your shoulders, and you will never again wax poetic about the Citgo signal behind the Green Monster at Fenway Park. Ask any golf architect that a golf course isnt just a golf course its a canvas where some of the greatest pictures have ever been painted.Golf isnt just another game to a golfe r, it is a way of life. There is no other sport that can frustrate you so much one shot but then you can be the happiest person in the world the next. There are many things that make golf great, but its history, difficulty, and the views you see are what make the game the greatest ever. No other sport compares and its a shame that many people wont give this great game a try because they think its an old man sport. They are missing out on one of the greatest experiences of their life.

Compare the way a news story is presented in three different newspaper extracts Essay

In this essay I will compare the way a invigorateds story is presented in third different newspaper extracts. Extract A is from The Times on Tuesday 4th family line, extract B is also from The Times on Tuesday 4th September extract b is an editorial, extract c is from The Guardian G-2 on Friday 7th September extract c is a front page graphic. All three extracts cover the event that happened on Monday 3rd September between the Catholics and the Protestants. The incidents occurred when Catholics school children from Holy Cross Primary school began there new school year.The children had to travel in between barriers of armoured police, just to get to school. The incident started when republicans was accused of knocking over two men on ladders who were putting loyalists flags on lampposts start side Holy Cross Primary School before the marching season in June. In all three extracts there is a properly opening statement to catch the indorsers attention, extract A uses a pun the you ng girls of the Holy Cross Primary School in Belfast began their new school year yesterday with a horrifying lesson in sectarian iniquity.This is trying to say that in schools children are learning about hatred instead of being taught other lessons such as getting along with everyone regardless of whether they are Protestant or Catholic. Extract B also uses a powerful opening statement Northern Ireland has yet again shown its Gorgon-face of intolerance. This states that once again Northern Ireland has shown its monstrous side, whereas extract C states Why it takes the image of a child to wake the world this makes the reader to bump sorry for the children and is an rhetorical question.Extract A has a big, bold headline it states Children walk a gantlet of Belfast hatred which makes the reader to want to read on. Extract B states Children in the middle this is also trying to get the attention of the reader, whereas extract C doesnt have a headline because it is a front-page graph ic. Extract A uses a certain amount of emotive language to make the audience feel certain emotions.Extract A states screamed at not shouted at but screamed at, spat at use of abuse on children, sobbing uncontrollably this states that the children werent crying they were uncontrollably sobbing due to the riots. The emotive language in extract A has a certain effect on the audience, it makes the reader feel sympathetic towards the children. Extract B also uses a certain amount of emotive language using words such as Gorgon-face of bigotry and hideous spectacle. These words are usually associated with beasts, therefore this statement is trying to show that what is happening, should be considered as monstrous and that the victims of this monstrosity are innocent children. surrounded and overwhelming are adjectives meaning that there is no way out for the victims, showing that the whole situation cannot be resolved. Extract B is an editorial and is the editors burden of view not the fa cts. Extract C doesnt use a lot of emotive language mainly because it is a front-page graphic from a supplement.

Pythagoras Theorem and Financial polynomials Essay

Pythagoras Theorem and Financial polynomialsIntroduction Ahmed and Vanessa have interest in locating a treasure, which is buried. It is my responsibility to help the two localize it. First, I will help them locate it by the use of Pythagorean quadratic. As per Ahmeds half, the treasure is buried in the desert (2x + 6) paces form the palace Rock while as per Vanessas half she has to walk (x) paces to the sexual union then walk (2x + 4) paces to the east. According to the Pythagorean theorem, every right angle triangle with length (a) and (b) as well as a hypotenuse (c), has a relationship of (a2 + b2 = c2) (Larson & Hostetler, 2009). In Ahmed and Vanessas sheath, I will let a=x, b =2x+4 and then c=2x+6. To follow, will be my efforts to put the measurements above into the real Pythagoras theorem equation as followsX2+ (2x+4)2=(2x+6)2 this is the equation formed out of the Pythagoras TheoremX2+42+16x+16 = 42+ 24x+36 are the binomials squaredx2 & 42 on both sides can be sub tracted out.X2+16x+16 = 24x +36 subtract 16x from both sidesX2+16 = 8x+36 now subtract 36 from both sidesX2-20 = 8xX2-8x-20=0 I will use to solve the function by factoring using the zero factor.(x-) (x+) the coefficient of x2Application and selection from the following (-2, 10 -10,2 -5,4 -4, -5)In this case, it seems that I am going to use -10 and 2 is as per how the fount looks like this (x-10)(x+2)=0X-10=0 or x+2=0 creation of a complex equationx=10 or x=-2 these are the two probable resolutions to this equation. One of the two calculated solutions is an extraneous solutions, as it do not work with such sceneries. The remaining solution I only have is (X=10) as the number of paces Ahmed and Vanessa have to accomplish to find the lost treasure. As a result the treasure is 10 paces to the north 2x+4 connect the 10, now its 2(10)+4=24 paces to the east of Castle Rock, or 2x+6= 2(10)+6=26 paces from Castle Rock.Financial polynomial For the case of financial polynomials, I h ave first to write the polynomial without the parenthesis. Following the above, I have to solve for p= 2000 + r = 10% for pct A and then solve for p= $5670 + r = 3.5% for part B, without the parenthesis as followsP + P r + P r2/4 (the original polynomial) to reach this I followed the following steps(1 + r/2)2 This is because it looks as if it is foilP(1 + r/2)P (1+r/2)(1+r/2) After the two equations I combine like terms. Because I am multiplying by 2 on r/2, it cancels out both 2s and I then get left with is r as followsP(1+ r/2 + r/2 + r2/4)P(1 + 2(r/2) + r2/4)I then write in descending order (P + Pr + Pr2)To solve for P=2000 and r=10% the following followsP + Pr + Pr2/42000 + 2000 (0.10) +2000 0.10242000 + 200 + 5 = $2205P(1+ r/2)22000( 1 + .10)22000(1.05)22000( 1.1025) = $2205For part B I will solve for P=5670 and r= 3.5%P + Pr + P (r2/4)5670 + 5670 (0.035) + 5670 0.03525670 + 198.45 + 1.7364375 = 5870.1864375This is approximately ($5870.19)The problem 70 on page 311 has the fo llowing steps(-93 + 32 15x) (-3x)The Dividend is (-93 + 32 15x), and the Divisor is (-3x).The Dividend is (-93 + 32 15x), and the Divisor is (-3x).-93 + 32 15x-3xAfter I divide -9 by -3 which equals +3. The x on the lav cancels the x from the top.-93 + 32 15x-3x -3x -3x-9* x*x* xI am now left with 32 for the first part of the polynomial.-3 * x-9*x *x * x-3 * xI first divide 3 by -3, which equals -1 and the x from the sound cancels out one of the xs from the top.-93 + 32 15x-3x -3x -3x3 *x *xAt this point I am left with -1x, which simplifies to just x, as the flash part of the polynomial.Then-3 *x3 *x * x-3 * xThen I divide -15 by -3, which equals positive 5, and the x on the bottom cancels out the x on the top, so you do not have any xs to carry onto the answer of the equation.-93 + 32 15x-3x -3x -3x-15 *xAt this point I am left with only 5 for the last part of the polynomial, and the answer is32 x + 5.-3 * x-15 * x-3 * x The negative sign from the -3 x changes the gain sign in the equation to a minus sign, it changes the minus sign to a plus sign in the final answer, and the equation is in Descending order.ReferenceLarson, R., & Hostetler, R. P. (2009). Elementary and intermediate algebra. Boston, Mass Houghton MifflinSource document

Ir Study Guide

IR364 Study Guide for Mid-term Exam You will answer tercet questions on the exam worth 10 points each 1) Populism was a prevalent response to the Great Depression in Latin America. Define this term, and discuss the political and economic strategies of either the Vargas government in Brazil or the Cardenas government in Mexico. 2) By the end of World War II income inequality had already become deeply ingrained in Latin America. What are the main causes of income inequality in the region, and why has it been so difficult to eradicate highly polarized patterns in the distribution of wealth? ) Was import-substitution-industrialization an unmitigated failure in Latin America? Define this development strategy and offer a balanced critique of it. 4) equal and contrast the economic impact of the three big shocks that hit Latin America between 1900-1950. 5) What are the main factors of endowment and key features of these factors that are considered to render most favorably to economic deve lopment? 6) What were the main features of Peronism in post-World War II Argentina? Despite Perons downfall in the coup of 1955, the Peronist act is still alive and well in Argentina.How would you explain the lasting hold of Peronism on the Argentine public? 7) The period 1900-1914 has frequently been referred to as the good quantify for Latin America because the region was thriving on primary exports to Britain, Europe and the U. S. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a development model based primarily on natural material production for export? You will answer 5 ID questions, for 1 point each Capital Scarcity Commodity Lottery Economic Populism Enclave victimisation Exchange Rate Export pessimism Import substitution industrialization Structuralism Eva Peron

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase Experiment

The experiment by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase used bacteriophages, or viruses that clog up bacteria and radioisotopes. Hershey and Chase already knew that viruses were composed mainly of DNA and protein however, they did non know if DNA or protein was the transmitt satisfactory material. Hershey and Chase used radioisotopes to mark the DNA and protein. They used the radioactive isotopes morning star and sulfur because DNA contains phosphorus and proteins contain sulfur. Using these radioactive isotopes gave them the ability to distinguish between the DNA and the protein.They rationalized that if they allowed ample time for a bacteriophage to contaminate a bacterial cell that the genetic material would be discovered in the bacterial cell after the contamination. After allowing bacteriophages to infect the bacterial cells, they discover that the radioactively labeled DNA was found inside the bacterial cell, and that the radioactively labeled protein was found outside of the ba cterial cell. Hershey and Chase concluded that DNA was the genetic material that was introduced to the bacteria during contamination by a bacteriophage.Griffith worked with two different strains of Streptococcus pneumonia, a type S strain, and a type R strain. typesetters case S bacteria were characterized by the existence of a polysaccharide, which allowed them to evade being attacked by the host cells immune system however, type R bacteria did not have such a polysaccharide capsule. Griffith injected type S bacteria into the mice. Due to the existence of the polysaccharide capsule, the type S bacteria were able to thunder in the mouses blood stream. Therefore, the mouse died. Afterwards, Griffith injected type R bacteria into mice.Type R bacteria did not have the polysaccharide capsule so they were not able to elude the defenses by the host cells immune system. Consequentially, the mouse still survived because the bacteria were destroyed by the immune system. Next, Griffith adde d the heat-killed type S bacteria into the mice. The bacteria were heat-killed forward the injection into the mouse so the mouse survived. Finally, Griffith injected sustenance type R bacteria and heat-killed type S bacteria into the mouse. Griffith discovered that the mouse died.He concluded that the living type R bacteria were altered into the type S strain. Evidently, the type R bacteria had developed genetic material from the heat-killed type S bacteria however, Griffith did not know what the genetic material was. Meselson and Stahl conducted experiments to determine whether or not DNA followed the semiconservative, conservative, or disseminative model of replication. The semiconservative model states that the two daughter molecules distributively consist of one old strand, from the parent, and one newly constructed strand.This is the model that is currently accepted. The conservative model states that the parent molecule is preserved after DNA replication. Lastly, the dispe rsive model states that each of the four strands has a mixture of old and new DNA after replication. Meselson and Stahls experiments involved radioisotopes. They cultivated bacteria into a intermediate containing nucleotide precursors marked with Nitrogen-15. The bacteria combined the Nitrogen-15 into their DNA. The bacteria were then moved into a medium containing Nitrogen-14.Any recently made DNA would appear lighter than the agnate DNA made in the medium containing Nitrogen-15. The contents of the container were positioned into two separate tubes and centrifuged. One tube was centrifuged for 20 minutes and the other tube was centrifuged for 40 minutes. The starting signal round of replication in the Nitrogen-14 medium produced hybrid DNA, which disregarded the conservative model. The second round of replication in the Nitrogen-14 medium produced both light and hybrid DNA. This rejected the dispersive model and reinforced the semiconservative model.

Dealing with Difficult Clients and Opposing Essay

The State avert of California and the Office of Section Education and Meeting function ar approved State Bar of California MCLE providers. Points of view or opinions expressed in these pages be those of the speaker(s) and/or author(s). They pose not been adopted or endorsed by the State Bar of Californias Board of Governors and do not constitute the official position or policy of the State Bar of California. Nothing contained herein is intended to address any specific legal inquiry, nor is it a substitute for independent legal research to original sources or obtaining depart legal advice regarding specific legal situations.Dealing with Difficult People by Steven G. Mehta There seems to be no shortage of difficult people in the cause of law. Perhaps there is reasonable mostthing in the water, or perhaps it is the economy. But no matter where you go, difficult guests or fence counsel seem to be daddy up out of nowhere. Indeed, take the case of the hypothetical mediator who h ad a recent encounter with an extremely difficult fellowship who wanted to sabotage the intermediation from the very beginning. The invitee insulted her own attorney, wouldnt let the early(a) parties speak, accused her attorneys and all(prenominal) attorney in the world of having no identifyt or emotions and universe liars and accused the mediator of lying about the merits of the case. To top off her venom, she had already reported her attorneys to the bar and at every turn was trying to avoid resoluteness the case. At one point, one of her attorneys walked out of the mediation. In short she was the m separate of tout ensemble nightm ar parties. Unfortunately for most attorneys and mediators, they let met this type of client/ companionship at some point in their career. Therefore, it is critical to understand how to deal with such(prenominal) difficult clients and opposing counsel.First, this article allow for identify some of the contrary types of difficult clients. Sec ond, it will discuss general strategies on how to deal with difficult people. Finally, it will provide specific slams on how to deal with difficult clients or opposing counsel. The following are the most common types of clients that whoremonger walk into your office. Usually, this waste client will be very hostile towards you and others. Your staff may venerate dealing with this soulfulness. Some generation, it is unclear why the mortal is so angry. Be assured that this soulfulnesss anger will only get worse during litigation. Moreover, some or all of that anger will spill over to you and your staff. The vengeful or zealous client. Typi strainy a vengeful or zealous client will be vengeful about many things and not just the cause for what you are being hired. This person will usually apply it cognise that they are bringing the contradict based on principle. Many multiplication this desire for vengeance will overcome any sense of rationality. The obsessed client. This cli ent cannot stop thinking about the case, the injury, the violate, and what can be begettere to address this problem. This client could easily call you several times a day to make sure that you are on top of the case. You could likely get too much information rather than too little. The emotionally needy client. This client is practically emotionally fragile and insecure. Many times this person will be in a co-dependent relationship and is seeking to embroil you in another co-dependent relationship. This person may key it very difficult to make decisions. Mediation Offices of Steve G. Mehta 25124 Springfield Court, Ste. 250, Valencia, CA 91355 Tel (661) 284-1818 Fax 661 284-1811 Email Stevemehtamann.com Offices Valencia & Los AngelesThe angry or hostile client. The dishonest or deceitful client. Often this client will not tell you all the information they know to be relevant or will tell you the wrong information. The unresponsive client. This client often wants the appearance of an attorney who is providing independent advice unless in reality doesnt want your advice. This client obviously wants you to rubber roll his or her actions. Often, this client will reject your advice because it is contrary to her own. As stated by Sheila Blackford, author of Recognizing Difficult Client Types, Clients often come to lawyers to determine the consequences of actions they arrive already taken or have decided to take. Often these clients dont want you as a lawyer, but are forced by others or circumstance to hire a lawyer. Beware that just as they are unwilling to accept your advice, they may also be unwilling to succumb the bill for advice they do not want. Finally, there may be a combination of these types of clients.You could end up with an angry, vengeful client that is obsessed. If that is your client, turn in the other direction and run. If this ends up being your opposing counsel, then in the famous words of the Robot in Lost in Space, Danger, Will Robinso n, Danger outright that difficult clients have been identified, it is processful to look at some strategies that attorneys can use to combat both difficult or nightmare clients and opposing counsel. First, chute out by examining yourself. Everyone can be difficult to deal with at times. Before you can determine whether the other person is the problem, make sure that you arent the problem. Are you over over opposeing? Are you having a bad day? Why is this person affecting you? What buttons of yours are being pushed, and why? After examining whether you may be part of the communication problem or that you have misinterpreted the comments made towards you, then you will have a better idea as to whether this person is being offensive or difficult or whether it is you.In examining yourself, it is of import to understand that everybody has an instinctual reaction to act when attacked. This is hardwired in our brains from the stone age days where we had to either react to a threat (fig ht) or flee from the threat (flight). In modern days, the threat is usually not physical, yet the body still gives issues the same fight or flight reaction. People end up having an immediate need to affirmatively right a wrong or injustice against them. More likely, a person can end up wanting to immediately defend his or her actions or position. This is partially because the attack against a person is affecting his or her ingrained observation of self worth that persons standing in the community or amongst his peers. Often people palpate the need to scan that they are correct and that the other person is wrong. This knee jerk reaction, however, can do more damage than good. Indeed, when having such a reaction, most people perceive that it makes them notice good but shortly thereafter, they regret having said and done what they did in the heat of the aftermath.The strategies listed hereafter are not in chronological order but instead are different strategies that can be employe d depending on the situation. First, PRESS THE PAUSE BUTTON. In sports after a particularly difficult call by the referee the commentators will press the pause button on the action and show an instant replay at a slower pace. This tool is not just beneficial in sports. The pause button can be very powerful in helping to deal with difficult people. The distance of the pause can depend on the situation. In the case of a minor issue, you might treat the matter with a small pause, giving yourself just enough time to think. Indeed, this is exactly what attorneys tell their clients in preparation for deposition. After the question is asked, wait for a brief second before answering. That pause can help to avoid making a huge blunder by saying the wrong thing. In other cases, you might need a protracted pause.You could simply ask for a five-minute break or ask to use the restroom whatever excuse you need to give to allow yourself a moment to think. Once you have hit the pause button, you can then consider the comment or action, its impact on the scheme of things, and what you might want to do in response. Take for example, the case of one mediator. In one particularly nasty mediation, when a party insulted the mediators integrity to its foundation, the mediator simply took a moment to pause in the mediation to let the sting of the initial insult pass. Then he asked take a five-minute break plot he digested the information just conveyed. Then when he returned, he simply moved the mediation forward as if the comment had neer been made. Once the party realized that she couldnt get a reaction to her insulting comments, she was forced to stop making them. Another rule to consider is that You dont have to win every argument.As noted above, often the reason a person jumps into the fray is because she wants to prove that she is right. This is difficult for lawyers because they are trained to advocate their position. However, proving that you are right with a difficult per son can simply entrench that person even further and even though you may feel that you are right, the other person will never agree. Sometimes the best response is to let it go and have the satisfaction that you know that you are right. Another important strategy is to employ ACTIVE LISTENING skills. An important sign of respect for another person is to actually listen to what that other person has to say. How many times have you been in a situation where someone has saidYou arent listening to me. One of the most powerful tools in addressing difficult people is victimization active listening skills. Active listening skills include avoiding any distractions such as that pesky Blackberry and really trying to understand the other persons positions and forethoughts. All too often attorneys are already working on their response while the other person speaks.clarify what you understand about the other persons statements. Ask whether your restatement is an accurate version of what the o ther person feels. Sometimes, depending on the person, you might mirror some of the nonverbal cues the person displays. Studies show that by mirroring non-verbal gestures, the other person will feel more connected with you. Ask questions that elicit more information from the other person. Depending on the person, you may have to spend a considerable amount of time victimization active listening skills. However, at the end of such a process you might find that the difficult person is much less difficult. It is also important when dealing with difficult people that you try not to give that person an excuse to be even more difficult. As such, when you communicate your concerns or feelings try to avoid using terms that target the other person, such as you phrases which target the other persons behavior. Instead, talk about your experiences using I phrases, such as I was upset when I heard the comments.This approach helps to avoid contend the other person or accusing the other person of something. Match communication styles. Generally, people fall into three categories Audio learners, visual learners, or kinesthetic (or touch) learners. You can tell which style a person favors by the language she uses. Think about whether the other person is using visual language such as color, seeing, and pictures or whether the person is using audio language such as hearing, sounds, vibrations, etc. Then try to match their language by using words that relate to those styles in your responses. For example, with a visual person you might comment, I see your position, but with an audio person you might say, I hear what you are saying. If the difficult person puts you in a position where you are required to respond, ask that person what exactly he is upset about. This will help to demonstrate that you are interested in solutions rather arguing.This strategy then can allow you to incorporate active listening once the person explains to you their concern ( nonrational or otherwise). Finally, if after an stupid attack against you, consider agreeing with a small portion of the statement. This can accomplish several things. First, it can help you avoid parachuting in to defend yourself and continuing the unhealthy communication. More importantly, however, it can allow you to create something in common with the angry person and may appease their irrational anger. These general strategies can be very useful in dealing with all types of difficult people. But what about the difficult client or lawyer? There are several specific strategies to work with these individuals. First, there is a saying that the best client you will ever have is the one that you dont take. In other words, sometimes it is far better to not take a client than to take a client and have nightmares wonder if you are going to be called by the Bar or served with an unjustified mal practice session suit.matter how lucrative, are just not worth the risk and the stress. Many times if the client is dif ficult as a prospective client, that person will only get worse during the saluteation. If you dont have the luxury of refusing to represent a certain person, establish boundaries. You can localise your involvement to specific interactions. You can also establish boundaries for when and how many calls you might take on a particular topic. One lawyer has a written guideline for all of his clients which establishes what the lawyer will and wont do in the legal process, including responding to calls on the weekend. Third, you can establish specific requirements for your clients in the very first meeting and before you sign the retainer. Along those same lines, one of the major frustrations for attorneys is clients that have unreasonable expectations of the result and process. By providing the clients with a detailed explanation of what they can expect, and what you expect, you can minimize difficult communications.This principle can also work very effectively with opposing counsel. If counsel is abusive to you or your staff, you can set down ground rules for future communications. If those ground rules are not honored, then you can limit your communications. For example, one lawyer lets the opposing counsel know that if there are any further abusive phone calls, then all further interactions will have to be in writing. Moreover, if the opposing counsel persists in his or her actions, then all writings will not be by facsimile or email, and will only be accepted and given in the mail. One lawyer has gone so far as to require that all conferences be videotaped. Unfortunately due to the nature of the practice of law which involves conflict scenarios, there will continue to be difficult people in the practice of law.There are many strategies for dealing with difficult people. This article has only addressed a few of them. However, armed with these strategies, it is possible to substantially decrease the tot up of difficult interactions and the stress related to those interactions. Research sources http//www.abanet.org/lpm/magazine/articles/v36/is4/pg41.shtml Pyschology Today. http//www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200609/dealing-difficultpeople Steven G. Mehta, Esq. is a full time mediator based in Los Angeles with offices in Downtown and Valencia and specializes in emotionally complex cases involving elder law, injury cases, and employment disputes. He can be reached through his website at www.stevemehta.com.Mediation is a tool to help people name their responsibility for things, to negotiate a solution and to move on with their lives. My role is to allow them to present their side, to ensure that they are heard and to help them achieve a resolution. What, exactly, is Mehtas magic? Understanding human dynamics. Anyone can learn the law, he points out. Understanding people is where my expertise lies. There are two sides and two emotions to every story. I care about them both. But theres a huge chasm between understanding human dynamics an d getting two frustrated, angry parties to agree. Mehta is very definitive about what it takes to bridge that gap and bring the parties together.My ability to connect with each participant and develop trust is absolutely essential, he says. Then, I need to be creative about solutions. Finding a mutually satisfying settlement is as much art as it is law. Finally, I never give up. Nothing is impossible. The impossible just takes a little longer. In the end, there is almost always an answer. When its over, its a solution the parties chose. They feel empowered. Grateful. Relieved, Mehta says. Most importantly, they feel free to move on with their lives. Now, thats a masterful job.

Paikea and Garnder’s Intelligences

In the movie Whale Rider, Paikea, the main character, overcomes her struggles with Paka, her grandfather, and becomes the new leader of the tribe. Paka repeatedly rejects her through erupt the movie for her gender. He is angry because she had lived after birth, while her twin brother did non. He scolds her everytime she attempts to try one of the excercises the boys are doing to see who will be the elect one. Evaluating three of Gardners Eight Intelligences, readers can see how Paikea has naturalistic, intrapersonal, and also kinesthetic intelligences, and how she uses them to be a leader.Paikea has naturalistic intelligence, which is the ability to recognize patterns and relationships to nature. In the movie, Paikea gives speeches over her parenthood and history. She shows her knowledge over her Maori culture and the whales. A very good example of her relationship to nature is when she calls out to the whales. Paikea is one of the only ones who can call out to whales and be heard. Towards the end of the movie she proves once again her intelligence, when she rides a whale into the water.Another intelligence Paikea has is intrapersonal, which is the ability to introspect and self-reflect. Paikea knows about her twin brothers remnant after birth. She is aware that that is the reason Paka rejects her and although it hurts her, she does not resent him for it. Paikea also has poetic skills. Proof of this is her winning the poem and speech contest at her school. In the movie, Paikea is departure New Zealand with her father and as they are driving by the water, she sees a whale.She realizes what she must do and asks her father to take her back home. Lastly, Paikea showed kinesthetic intelligence, which involves strength in physical movement and fine motor control. Paikea is surprisingly good in using the Taiaha, which is the traditional weapon used by males while fighting. She knocked down some other boys taiaha during a scene in the movie. Paikea also shows her bodily motions while she is dancing with the rest of the girls at her school.Paikea also proves her kinesthetic intelligence when she is able to turn on the boat motor when her grandfather could not. She also swims to the bottom of the water to get her grandfathers whale tooth necklace back. In conclusion, these three intelliegences were shown well in Paikea throughout the movie. She overcomes the struggles with her grandfather and understands him for rejecting her. Paikea does not give up once in trying to show her grandfather that she is the one.

Auditing Special Assignment

Theresa Golding BA 418 analyseing Dr. Charles Pineno April 25, 2010 PART 1 Sm each Firms May Face size up Music (published in The Wall Street Journal on April 19, 2007) addresses the ending of the delay in applying portions of the Sarbanes-Oxley motion of 2002 to smaller companies. At the time of the article, some 6,000 smaller public companies had yet to be required to machinate an annual estimation of their essential financial-reporting tempers with get ahead review by the companys outside meeter of these systems designed to help prevent accounting mistakes and fraud. The delay arose from complaints that compliance was excessively costly and time consume for larger companies. According to Mr. Cox, the SEC and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) are good to making less burdensome for all companies which would end the need to further exempt the smaller companies. The proposed changes would scram realization of compliance in 2008 possible. Delays coul d once again result if the new exemplifications are not issued soon commensurate to meet the current deadlines. The chairman of PCAOB, Mark Olson, has blamed the high gear cost of complying on what is viewed as an overly cautious approach.PCAOB reports that progress is being made but there is still a way to go as some take stocking firms still have not fully integrated an examine of the companys financial statements with an analyze of the companys internal controls which are interrelated. PART 2 RISK judgement STANDARDS model 1 Reason open Assurance, tell SAS no 104 (Amendment to SAS No. 1, Codification of size uping Standards and Procedures) addresses the attributes of inspect induction and the fancy of reasonable assertion. This situation measure is closely related to General Standard 3 The attender essential(prenominal) exercise due professional care in the performance of the audit and the preparation of the report. Chapter 1 The use of goods and services o f the Public Accountant in the American Economy The two forms of assurance services that certified public accountants perform with contributionicular emphasis on those that increase the reindebtedness of information. Since dependability enhancement is such a huge part of assurance services, this standard is fundamental because kosher assessment and testing of lay on the line plays a critical government agency in the reliability of information.Chapter 2 headmaster Standards This chapter introduced the 10 Generally Accepted take stocking Standards as set onwards by the AICPA. As previously stated, there is a close kin between Standard 1 and General Standard 3. Also, this standard also has a close relationship with Standard of Fieldwork 3 which reads The auditor must withstand sufficient appropriate audit rise by performing audit procedures to spread out a reasonable al-Qaeda for an look regarding the financial statements under audit.The gathering of license regarding take a chance travel by into this standard of fieldwork. Chapter 3 Professional Ethics Within the chapter on Professional Ethics, we learned that member V of the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct addresses Due Care and states A member should observe the professions technical and ethical standards, strive continually to improve competence and the quality of services, and discharge professional duty to the best of the members ability. Reasonable assurance and straitlaced(a) evidence regarding jeopardize assessment would fall under the Due Care responsibility. Chapter 4 lawful Liability of CPAs Chapter 4 described the sources of CPA liability as Contract, Negligence, and Fraud. Should the CPA not incorporate the appropriate take aims of reasonable assurance and evidence regarding danger assessment, they could be found liable for at least ordinary or simple negligence. If there was a fricative disregard for this standard, the possibility of gross negligence could also exist. C hapter 5 Audit Evidence and DocumentationThe chapter tiny relationships among audit risk, audit evidence, and financial statement assertions and directly relates to the third standard of fieldwork stating that the auditor must obtain appropriate audit evidence by performing audit procedures to afford a reasonable basis for an opinion regarding the financial statements under audit. This chapter also emphasizes the point of that there is an appropriate direct of audit risk that must be met and the evidence collected and testing procedures utilized must be in retentiveness with this take.Chapter 6 Audit Planning, Understanding the Client, Assessing Risks, and Responding Planning the audit provides the foundation of the process. The reasonable assurance and evidence standard regarding risk assessment should be considered and integral part of the planning process. Chapter 7 Internal Control judicial decision of internal control is part of sleep togethering reasonable assurance can be given and regarding the reliability of the evidence acquired. Chapter 8 Audit ingest Acceptable risk take is an crucial element of find out the proper taste technique and size.Should an inappropriate assay technique/size be utilized, reasonable assurance testament be lacking. Standard 2 Internal Control, Evidence SAS No. 105 serves as an amendment to SAS No. 95, Generally Accepted Auditing Standards. Along with addressing work by the auditor on internal control, it further addresses audit evidence as well up. This standard broadens the accord the auditor must obtain of the business as well as its environment. Chapter 2 Professional Standards There is a relationship between this Risk Assessment Standard and Standard of Fieldwork 2.The fieldwork standard addresses the requirement for the auditor obtaining a sufficient apprehension of the entity and its environment. It has now been further broadened when looking at the level of internal control. Chapter 5 Audit Evidence and Documentation The reliability of the evidence collected directly relates to whether it was generated through a system of effective controls rather than ineffective controls. Those controls ordain be more thoroughly assessed under this new Risk Assessment Standard.Chapter 6 Audit Planning, Understanding the Client, Assessing Risks, and Responding The range of a function of the audit plan is impacted by the level of internal control exercised by the client. Broadening the requirements regarding assessment leave behind allow for a stronger foundation in how the plan is developed. Chapter 7 Internal Control This is in all probability the most important chapter regarding the ins and outs of internal control and this standard should be forefront when considering the content of the chapter.Chapter 8 esteem of Internal Control in an Information Technology Environment Technological advances have through some(prenominal) to advance levels of internal control. However, if technology is not being utilized effectively, it can also raise the level of risk and under the new standard must be evaluated very carefully. Chapter 9 Audit Sampling Internal control plays an immense berth in the level of try that should be done. Given the broader stipulation now due to internal control, sampling levels result credibly be impacted. Standard 3 EvidenceThe standard defines evidence as comprising all information that supports the auditors opinion on the financial statements. It also stresses the vastness of supporting circumspections assertions regarding the financial statements by gathering audit evidence. Chapter 1 The position of the Public Accountant in the American Economy The assurance service of reliability ordain only be at the proper level if the appropriate evidence is collected and examined with regards to the assertion of management. Chapter 2 Professional Standards Fieldwork standard 3 addresses the requirement of obtaining sufficient appropriate audit evidence. This evidence directly ties to describe Standard 4 regarding the expression of an opinion regarding managements assertions. Chapter 3 Professional Ethics Article II of the Code addresses serving the public interest. The public forget look to the auditors opinion regarding managements assertions and thus the evidence gathered should serve the purpose of protecting the public well. Chapter 4 Legal Liability of CPAs The inappropriate gathering of evidence could lead to the issuance of an incorrect opinion regarding managements assertions and open the CPA to liability issues.Chapter 5 Audit Evidence and Documentation Audit risk, audit evidence, and financial statement assertions are closely intertwined and the Risk Standard puts more emphasis on that relationship and will do frequently to increase the reliability regarding the assertions about the financial statements. Chapter 6 Auditing Planning, Understanding the Client, Assessing Risks, and Responding To ascertain the opinions issued regarding managements assertions, it is imperative that a CPA plan the audit appropriately and have a working knowledge of the client.This standard will talenten risk assessment and the depth of knowledge the CPA will have about the client. Chapter 7 Internal Control Managements assertions are influenced by their effective use of internal control. Analyzing and reporting on the level of internal control plays an important role in the opinion that will be issued regarding managements assertions. Chapter 9 Audit Sampling The sampling scope of necessity to have the strength necessary to offer an appropriate opinion regarding managements assertions.The evidence gathered determines the level of sampling needed and due care must be exercised end-to-end the process with the CPA remaining cognizant of managements assertions. Standard 4 Audit Risk, corporality SAS No. 107 addresses the relationship between audit risk and materiality and has employed a Modified Audit Risk M odel. Chapter 2 Professional Standards Assessment of the risk of material misstatement of the financial statements is covered heavily in Standard of Fieldwork 2. The level of risk will greatly determine the design of the audit procedures.Chapter 4 Legal Liability of CPAs Should the auditor not accurately assess the risk of material misstatement, issues of liability could arise. Chapter 5 Audit Evidence and Documentation The evidence collected and documentation kept is done in an effort to mow audit risk and thus must be taken seriously and the level of risk must be adequately determined to provide this. Chapter 6 Audit Planning, Understanding the Client, Assessing Risks, and Responding The planning of audit should be undertaken in such a way that the level of risk determined can be sufficiently addressed.A authorize pictureing of the client and a pull ahead procedure for assessing risks are fundamental to the boilers suit process. Chapter 7 Internal Control The stronger the int ernal control, the lesser the risk and vice versa. It is imperative that a proper assessment of internal control be done to insure that the risk level is known prior(prenominal) to the collection of evidence and the conducting of sampling. Chapter 9 Audit Sampling The greater the amount of sampling conducted, the lower the level of audit risk. beseeming risk assessment procedures are instrumental in determining the necessary level of sampling to be done. Standard 5 Planning, Supervision SAS No. 108 superseded steering provided in previous standards and deals with the understanding of the engagement and planning issues. This standard provides that the auditor plan the strategy concurrently with planning the engagement. Chapter 1 The Role of the Public Accountant in the American Economy The nature of the attest engagement must be clear to both the CPA and the firm and clearly defined at the onset of planning.Chapter 2 Professional Standards General Standard 1 requires adequate tec hnical training and proficiency for the auditor and staff. Standard of Fieldwork 1 requires that the auditor adequately plan the work and flop supervise any assistants. Should these standards not be adhered to, the audit risk will be higher than an acceptable norm and during the planning of both the engagement and audit procedures, the auditor should remain cognizant of the roles these standards are playing/not playing. Chapter 3 Professional EthicsAuditors without proper training and proficiency that do not fulfill this responsibility are not acting in the ethical manner required of the profession and could likely face consequences. Chapter 4 Legal Liability of CPAs Auditors who do agree to an engagement for which they lack the proper training and/or technical ability (to include their assistants) could be open to liability issues in the area of contract and negligence. Chapter 5 Audit Evidence and Documentation Should proper planning and supervision not occur, the level of audi t risk will be extremely high and likely not accounted for properly during the process.Chapter 6 Audit Planning, Understanding the Client, Assessing Risks, and Responding Planning of the audit is the first and in all probability most important step in the Audit Process. This step provides the foundation and it is critical that the auditor know the business at hand, and have the necessary personnel with the necessary training to undertake the engagement. With the new standard this step is concurrent with the planning of the engagement as a whole. Chapter 7 Internal Control If the auditor and team do not adequately assess the internal control, audit risk will likely be understated.It is essential that the risk assessment procedure implemented be understood by all and adequately applied. Chapter 9 Audit Sampling The risk determines the scope of sampling to be conducted. It is also important that ALL members of the team know the level of sampling to be done and have a clear understandi ng of the sampling procedure. Standard 6 Understanding and Assessing Risk This standard again supersedes previous way on the auditors consideration of internal control and reiterates the need for the auditor to obtain an understanding of the entity and its environment. Chapter 2 Professional Standards The easiest way for an auditor to adequately understand and assess risk to clearly understand the entity and its environment as well as the level and effectiveness of internal control which is once again in keeping with Standard of Fieldwork 2. Chapter 3 Professional Ethics Should risk not be properly understood or assessed, the subsequent reports issued will not be done with Due Care and thus, will not be in keeping with the Code of Professional Conduct as prescribed by the AICPA. Chapter 4 Legal Liability of CPAsMisunderstanding and improper assessment of risk will likely occasion issues of liability for CPAs. Chapter 5 Audit Evidence and Documentation The audit evidence and docum entation gathered/ brisk should adequately reflect the risk level and thus a clear understanding and assessment of risk need occur to guarantee the appropriateness of said evidence and documentation. Chapter 6 Audit Planning, Understanding the Client, Assessing Risks, and Responding Proper planning can only occur with a proper understanding and assessment of risk.So plot of ground planning the audit is technically the first step in the process, assessment/understanding of risk needs to be considered at the same time. Chapter 7 Internal Control Internal Control is at the plaza of risk assessment and should be considered part of the process of assessing risk, thus hopefully leading to a clear understanding. Chapter 9 Audit Sampling The needed level of audit sampling directly correlates to the perceived level of audit risk. Thus, a clear understanding and assessment of risk will do much to hold in the appropriate level of sampling.Standard 7 Responding to Risks SAS No. 110 (covered as Standard 7) works in conjunction with SAS 109 (covered as Standard 6). Response to risk was covered exclusively for terms of our course in Chapter 6 Audit Planning, Understanding the Client, Assessing Risks, and Responding. As stated in both the article and our chapter, an auditor responds to risk at two levels 1) overall level of financial statement and 2) level of relevant assertion. This will be of greater focus with the new standards and Response to Risk will be of as much importance as the assessment of said risk.Standard 8 Sampling The purpose of SAS No. 111 is to provide guidance which addresses both statistical and nonstatistical sampling. The standard also notes that the auditor should set tolerable misstatement at a level below that of materiality for the financial statements. Chapter 2 Professional Standards Sampling is an integral part of obtaining sufficient evidence which is basis for Standard of Fieldwork 3. Chapter 5 Audit Evidence and Documentation There needs to be an adequate amount of audit evidence collected to meet the sampling need.The evidence collected also has to be adequate in amount to ease the risk which also applies to the sampling procedure in that the sample sizes need to be substantial enough to account for the risk. Chapter 6 Audit Planning, Understanding the Client, Assessing Risks, and Responding The level of risk is a crucial element in audit planning and the audit plan determines the level of sampling that must be completed to adequately deal with the risk level. Chapter 7 Internal ControlThe strength of internal control plays a major role in the level of sampling that will be required because of the inverse relationship between risk and internal control. Chapter 9 Audit Sampling Audit sampling provides the best method for collecting evidence and the amount needed is proportional to the level of risk assessed. PART 3 The SASs described in the article will now need to be at the forefront of the management accountants mind when preparing for an audit. The procedures will now be distant more involved and as a result, procedural adjustments will likely need to be made.The auditors will likely expect far more from the management accountants because of the need to assess far more in terms of acceptable level risks. Management accountants would do well to address their internal control issues because the stronger the internal control the less the concern for risk in the eyes of the auditor. Clear understanding of the standards and what changes they have created will benefit a management accountant greatly as they will be better able to anticipate what an auditor and his or her team will likely be inquiring about and what evidence they will probably want to collect.PART 4 Internal Control when implemented effectively does much to reduce the overall risk of material misstatement by a company. With the drafting and release of these new standards firms will do well to assess their current internal contro l and consider previous audit reports regarding it. The firms would do well to first address all areas of weakness that have been previously denoted if it has not already done so. Under the new standards, those particular areas will likely receive the most scrutiny from auditors.Secondly, though early(a) areas may not have been identified as weak in previous audits, they might likely be less effective under the new standards and as such should be assessed as to whether it will stand up under the scrutiny the new standards call for. The importance of quality internal control was not of much significance pre-Sarbanes Oxley, however 2002 brought an end to that and now with the more concise standards set forrad recently, is of the utmost importance.

Essay on “Bread Givers” by Anzia Yezierska

Bread Givers Essay Saras Identity In the book Bread Givers by Anzia Yezierska a young girl from poland grows up in america. Set in the 1920s conditions for immigrants living in the United States were tough, not to mention living in the pocket-sizeer East side of Manhattan, New York. Reb Smolinsky the drive of Sara in this book really tries on impressing his beliefs onto his children for he is very set on his traditional ways. This becomes a very prominent underlying to the chronicle as Sara grows through fall out the book moving from her fathers beliefs to her deliver.This clash between the old way of doing things and her late American life style Sara spreads free from this conflict in finding her own individuation in this new world. By doing so Sara really connect and Identifies with three main factors in her life independence, statement and grave work. With these three basic elements in Saras life she really transitions into her own being and self identity. throughout most of the spring of the book Sara is oppressed by her fathers tyranny that drives her to crave independence.After her father demolishes the lives of Saras three other sisters she began to see that Father, in his innocent craziness to hold up the frolicsome of the Law to his children, was as a tyrant more terrible than the Tsar from Russia (Yezierska, 64-65). As this is in force(p) the beginning of Saras unrest with her father it is none the less the beginning of the end for their relationship. Because she does come to the end of her assiduity with her father. With him constantly beating her her down she would never be suitable to vocalize or blossom into her own ideas or beliefs.He would constrict all of her self identity out if she was unable to break free from him. Im smart enough to look out for myself. Its a new life now. In America, women dont need men to boss them (Yezierska, 137). Sara at long last speaks her mind along with realizing she is able to break free from tradit ion and be independent in this new world. America had really shaped her ideals and helped to take a crap that pathway to break away. As she is independent she discovers herself through the freedom of being on her own. As seen when she is finally in freedom on her own. My hands clutched at the knob. This door was life.It was air. The bottom starting-point of bonny a person. I simply must have this room with the come together door (Yezierska, 159) Having her own place would create the stemma spot for her dreams and aspirations. By now having her own place she is able to cut herself from her family and their hold on her opinions. She is able to break free and now allow her the freedom needed to discover her identity. As she clearly states when she says starting-point of becoming a person, this defines her. Education makes its impression on Sarah when she immediately connects and realizes her dream of becoming a teacher.Giving education a high value in her life. A school teacher-I I saw myself sitting buttocks like a lady at my desk, the children, their eyes on me, watching and waiting for me to call out the different ones to the board, to spell a word, or answer me a question. It was like looking up to the line of longitude of the highest skyscraper while down in the gutter (Yezierska, 155). When she imagines what this one girl had done she realized thats what she wants. This teacher symbolizes a better life for Sara, a life Sara is determined to pass. The still thing keeping her from achieving this is education.Education becomes what she believes to be the only gateway to the better life she wants. I becomes what defines her as her and changes her status. Finally starting her way to her dream she goes to school. patch there she gets her dream and love of education rekindled. There was one in the school who was what I imagine a teacher to be- the principal, Mr. Hugo Seeling. He kept that living thing, that fame, that i used to worship as a child (Yezier ska, 270). The passion she describes here is what directly comes from her and her desire. She puts teaching and education on a pedestal just like hr father puts his faith.She strives to get that same identity with education as a teacher as her father does with the Torah and his religion. Even Fania comp atomic number 18s them saying Come, Bessie. Lets leave her to her mad education. Shes worse than Father with his Holy Torah (Yezierska, 178). This shows how strongly Sara really takes education in her life. Just like the Torah is her fathers identity this is hers. Sara in time when she was young believed in firmly work. She wouldnt hold herself to a lower standard even if it was easier. When she goes to procure herring from Muhmenkeh the elderly women offers to give them to her free.In which Sara replies Nono Im no beggar I want to go into business like a person. I must buy what I got to betray (Yezierska, 21). Even as a young child Sara refuses to take the easy route and accept this charity. She wants to name it for herself and rise above the life of a beggar. To not let herself be defined and lumped with the poor low lives that dont take the initiative to do better in life. This unuttered work is what fuels her to achieve her dreams. As wonderful as living and being on her own is Sara quickly figures out how terrible it is.Because in order to pursue her dream she must work hard in order to reserve herself while going to school. Not to mention give herself time to study and understand what she is learning in order to move on in school. As you had to shut your eyes to the dirt, so you must shut your ears to the noise. A quietness within me soothed my tortured nerves. I turned to my books on the table, and with fierce determination to swallow hole myself into my head, I began my lesson again (Yezierska, 164). She pushes herself through this hard time unlike most people in hard times that just give up.Instead she pushes onward and later on sees the rewa rd of her hard work. Through these hard ships they mold her more and more into who Sara Smolinsky is and becomes. With out this determination and freedom of thought she would never have created her identity for herself. There are many other factors throughout the book that take its toll on Saras life and shape the way she changes. Although these three are the most strongly associated with how she identifies herself because these are all characteristics that are unique to her. By the end of the book Sara has fully embraced these and discovered herself.

A Critique of the Crito and an Argument for Philosophical Anarchism

A unfavorable judgwork forcet of the Crito and an Argument for Philosophical Anarchism by Forrest Cameranesi In this es register I depart present a outline and critique of Platos dialogue Crito, focusing especially on Socrates arguments in favor of his obligatory respect to the A consequentlyian shows death sentence.In response I bequeath represent the position that no angiotensin converting enzyme lifelikely holds any(prenominal) obligation to obey the domineering commands of an separate (or any body of others much(prenominal) as a kingdom), and further that no nonpareil ass come to hold such obligations nevertheless by squash although batch may still be stimulate to obey commands issued to them, when what is commanded is obligatory strong-minded of it cosmos commanded by anyone.Thus I will argue that that if, as both Socrates and Crito presume, the command that Socrates be kill is opposition to true justice (that is, contrary to any natural moral obligation s, independent of its legality), then Socrates has no obligation to obey it and in fact those tasked to carry out the order ar virtuously obligated to disobey it, and by their obedience commence conspirators to a moral crime. The dialogue begins with Socrates in prison, awakening to Critos presence in his cell, Crito having bribed the guards to gain entry.After brief pleasantries and some talk of when the day of Socrates execution will fall, Crito admits to Socrates that his figure t here(predicate) is to free him from prison and take him abroad to Thessaly, which he assures him can be successfully do thanks to the aid of a number of foreign benefactors. But Socrates is hesitant to leave, believing himself obliged to wait and ply his penalty to be completed, take(p) though his sentence, they both concede, is mappingial.Still, Socrates is eager to be convinced other, if Crito can do so by reputes of reason, and so Crito plies Socrates with many arguments in favor of his escape, list non nonwithstanding that it is possible and desirable to escape, and that Socrates could live well outside of Athens, besides that it is the just thing to do for the sake of the welf ar of his children, who will deport without his c atomic number 18 for the sake of standing fast against his enemies in the enjoin of Athens, who atomic number 18 attempting to unconventional him by this sentence and for the sake of his friends reputations, which will be besmirched by those who know either Socrates nor his friends, and will think that Socrates died solitary(prenominal) be courting his friends could not or would not buy his freedom. But Socrates dismisses these arguments, especially the last, arguing at length that the opinions of the many are not a relevant shootation in any such decision a very important argument, to which I will revert later in this essay. For now the relevant point is that Socrates only concern, in the question of whether or not to escape, is whether or not escaping is just not what muckle at large may think of their decision or what other consequences may follow from it.On the topic of justice, and counter to Critos argument that Socrates is obliged to fight back against wrongs committed against him, Socrates suggests (and Crito accepts) the principle that to return ill-use for harm is harmful, to return evil for evil is evil, to return injustice for injustice is inequitable, etc. and and then that such vengeance ought not be perpetrated, for it is just as harmful, evil and unjust as the act being avenged, and one must never do such wrongs.Socrates considers it harmful and unjust to the pass on to disobey its laws, and feels therefore obligated to obey them rather, for to do otherwise would be harmful, unjust, and wrong and here I disagree with Socrates. Though I accept his principle of justice, that one must not return wrongs in kind for to do so is merely to do more wrong, I do not believe that merely resi sting attempted harm to oneself necessarily harms the attacker and even if the attacker does suffer harm from the resistance it is as a result of his own wrongdoing, not any wrongdoing on the part of the defendant.If someone attempts to strike at me, I step out of his way, and he falls on his subject as a consequence, I have not harmed him, although he has come to harm. If he attempts to strike at me, I hold up a shield, and he injures his fist upon it, I have not harmed him, although he has come to harm. Somewhat more analogously to the case at hand, harm may come to a street gang initiate whose initiation task is to mug me, inasmuch as he loses his status at bottom the gang (and perhaps the gang itself loses status in the community), should I evade him and escape save surely I did not do that harm, though it was a consequence of my actions.Likewise, harm may come to the state as a consequence of successful disobedience against it, inasmuch as its motive and thus its authority will be less respected, but this is not the same as the dis obedient one directly harming the state, say in the way a foreign conqueror would. None of these situations involve doing anything directly to harm the aggressor, but rather only the consequences of the aggressors own actions failing. Thus, such resistance is not prohibited by the principle that one ought never do harm, for one is not doing harm merely by evading harm, even if harm indirectly results as a consequence of such evasion.Certainly we would not say that it is obligatory to allow oneself to be assaulted or robbed, even if we say that to retaliate in kind is forbidden. In all these circumstances, the aggressors are being harmed as a consequence of their own actions and in the latter two cases, of the mugger and the unjust state, they suffer only in their reputation, losing the respect or fear and subsequent power they might have otherwise enjoyed, yet which, for their failure, they do not deserve.In my third examp le, as in the case before Socrates and Crito, the only acquittance suffered is a loss of reputation and the power that reputation often entails. This connection among reputation and power is an important facet of my argument, for it is self-evident to me that the only significant power the state itself has is its reputation, the respect and obedience that tidy sum give to it with no obedient subjects to enforce its laws over those who are not so obedient, or with meager portions of the populace willing to tolerate such enforcement, the state would have no power.In fact I argue that in such a case the state would not exist and really, that no states ever real exist, in any strict sense. There are merely masses of people, with an assortment of opinions on what is dependable, bad, morally neutral, permissible, impermissible, and obligatory all of whom exert whatever influence they can manage, by whatever means they call up best, to see that their opinions on such matters are enf orced that justice, as they understand it, prevails. And when some person or block of people manages to secure equally unchallenged influence ver the behavior of the other people in an area (that is, when sufficient people act to enforce one code of behavior and a sufficient portion of the remainder tolerate them), we falsely attribute the existence of some sort of social entity in a higher place and beyond the collection of individual people, and call that entity the state. But even a monarch only has his power because enough people believe in and support the monarchy, and enough of the remainder tolerate it as has been demonstrated wherever a monarchy was overthrown from within by a democratic revolution.It is important to note, however, that this does not mean that democracy entails legitimacy it only means that all states are on some deep level democratic, differing only in the degree that the people delegate their power to other people, in effect modeling their vote as what ever he says. The prevailing opinions may still be entirely wrong I merely claim that it will nearly always be the majority opinion which prevails. I say nearly because this phenomenon is dependent upon the relatively small differences in true private power between or so individuals, which are quickly diluted in larger groups, but still present in sufficiently small groups. A knight may be stronger and more skilled than any peasant, but it does not take many fed-up peasants working together to counter the power of that knight, so as the sizing of the group the knight is a part of grows, his relative power over the whole group decreases rapidly, unless it is bolstered by the support or at least tolerance of other members of the group.Thus for groups of any significant size, the differences in personal power between individuals can be safely ignored, and so the determining factor is not who supports a position but how many support it). The opinions of the people who encompass the l egislature of this state be it one person as in an absolute monarchy, some minority in an oligarchy, or the majority in a direct democracy then become the law.Those things judged by such people as obligatory become required by law those things judged as forbidden become prohibited by law and those things judged as permissible are allowed by the law. But in any form of government, especially in a direct democracy such as ancient Athens, the laws of men are zip fastener but the opinions of men backed by power, that power resting ultimately in the will of the majority the only differences between government thus being the degree and structure of power delegation, and what the opinions of those delegates are.With it thus established that states are no more than masses of people and their laws no more than the opinions of said people backed by power, not only do I object to Socrates insistence that he must be obedient to the states death sentence, but it is plainly obvious to me that Socrates himself ought to conclude this, if he was to be legitimate with his own earlier position that the opinions of men, as such, are irrelevant, no matter what power they may be backed by. But wherefore, my dear Crito, should we care about the opinion of the many? says Socrates. Good men are the only persons who are worth considering. Crito eventually concedes this point, agreeing that the opinions of the many are irrelevant only the opinions of good men matter. But what is it that imparts a man good? Is that not part of what is at question here which sorts of acts are right and which are wrong, which are just or unjust? (A good man, I take it, being one who acts rightly or justly).Certainly being good cannot be merely being seen as good in the eyes of the many, or supporting the commands of the many, for then the opinions of the many and the opinions of good men could never conflict, as good men by definition would always be of the opinion that the majority is right and So crates statements differentiating their opinions would make no sense. So Socrates must agree that goodness is something nonsubjective, independent of the opinions of the many.Yet in the dialogue, after Socrates and Crito discuss at some length their agreement to disregard the opinions of the many in considering what ought or ought not be done, and to consider only what is or is not just, Socrates proclaims From these premises I proceed to argue the question whether I ought or ought not to try to escape without the consent of the Athenians. But from where does this concern for the consent of the Athenians come, when we have just snub the opinions of the many (in this case the many of Athens) for what is consent if not simply the opinion that something ought to be permitted?Socrates answers, in the translator of the Laws of Athens (speaking to him) You, Socrates, are breaking the covenants and agreements which you made with us at your leisure, not in any flush or under any compuls ion or deception, but having had seventy years to think of them, during which succession you were at liberty to leave the metropolis, if we were not to your mind, or if our covenants appeared to you to be unfair. In short, Socrates is concerned with his obedience to the people of Athens (or at least the government collectively representing them) because he feels he has implicitly agreed to be bound by the decisions of the Athenian government by remaining in the city. But in response I argue that no one can, by any contract implicit or explicit, transform the natural moral obligations which are binding on all men at all times.The well-nigh exemplary and broadly agreeable instantiation of this principle is that one cannot sell oneself into break ones backry, for all men have natural rights (which is to say, obligations naturally owed to them by others) which they cannot give up even if they so choose.For instance, if we grant that all are naturally obliged to refrain from strikin g me except in such instances as I consent to them doing so, then while I may vary whether or not I consent to be struck, and thus vary whether or not it is morally permissible to strike me at that moment, I cannot vary whether or not it is morally permissible to strike me contrary to my consent, for it is naturally obligatory that none do so. That is, I cannot, in a morally binding way, agree that henceforth so-and-so may strike me as he pleases regardless of my consent at that moment.Any such contract offering terms contrary to natural obligations is invalid and thus contracts of slavery, whereby one waives all of ones natural rights (which is to say, all obligations naturally owed to oneself by others), are the epitome of invalid contracts. This relates to the situation at hand with Socrates and Crito in that a contract to obey the lordly commands of some entity (e. g. the state of Athens), provided only that they are issued forth in prescribed proper manner (e. . by the formal proceedings of the Athenian court) and otherwise irrespective of the contents of those commands, seems to me no different than a contract to slavery, with the entity in question (the state) as the slave master for what is slavery but complete subjugation to the arbitrary will of another? Socrates himself admits this similarity, saying (once again in the voice of the Laws, speaking to himself) can you deny in the first place that you are our child and slave? Yet Socrates has a reply here as well, already quoted above he has had many years in which he was free to leave the city if he did not wish to be bound by its laws, and by remaining he has implicitly agreed to be bound by them. Certainly a man cannot be a slave if he is free to leave his bonds at any time. But I respond that even such voluntary bonds are contractually invalid, for remaining on the lands of another still does not make one subject to the arbitrary will of the landproprietor. The only obligation owed to the owner o f some topographic point, as such, is to refrain from performing upon his property contrary to his consent.Likewise the only punishment the property owner may apply simply for disobeying his commands (but not violating any natural obligations, e. g. harming someone or their property, which may warrant further punishment) is to refuse him the use of his property in the case of land, ejecting him from the premises. By voluntarily entering and remaining in my home, my guests do not become subject to my arbitrary authority, to be enforced as I see fit at most I have the authority to eject them from my home, if I grow tired of their presence there.Nor by voluntarily entering a corporate office do I become subject to the authority of the corporation, beyond the revocability of my permission to remain therein. Likewise, even if we grant that the city of Athens is the property of the state of Athens (i. e. of its people collectively, rather than parcelled out into individually owned plots) , the greatest punishment morally justified simply for behaving in ways the state dislikes (but not in any way which is truly unjust) is banishment from the city.Thus, while the state may have the moral authority to forbid and punish legitimate injustices (which I agree it does, though no more so than any individual), it does not have the moral authority to enforce its arbitrary will upon those who reside within its borders it merely has the authority to eject them from its lands if it chooses to do so, for which it needs no cause at all, if it is indeed the legitimate owner of those lands.Thus if Socrates truly believes that he has done nothing unjust, then he should not (if accepts my principle regarding contracts and natural obligations) feel subject to the punishment decreed for him, though he may concede the states authority to banish him, if he holds the state to be the legitimate owner of the city.I would further question whether it is right to presume that a state is the leg itimate owner of its territory (rather than apiece citizen owning their own portion in private, as well as some world portions in common), and thus whether it even has the authority to banish the disobedient but that is another lengthy topic, for which I do not have room in this essay. In conclusion, I see no reason for Socrates to consider the will of the people of Athens (as channeled via their government) binding pon him and I believe he should seek an answer to the question at hand, whether or not to escape from his punishment, solely by asking whether he has done anything to warrant that punishment and it appears that he believes he has not. There is no guarantee that his opinion on this matter is correct the state of Athens may in fact be correct, and thus Socrtes punishment just. But to defer to the public opinion over ones best judgment is never epistemologically sound.Men of reason do not turn to authority, even democratic authority, to answer questions of biology or che mistry or physics, but instead we appeal to evidence and sound logical arguments to determine the answers and I see no reason why questions of ethics should be subject to any less rigorous and independent methodologies. By denying that any person, text, or institution has any special epistemic or alethic authority (the ability to magically betoken or reveal the uprightness, or to create it by fiat), we do not deny the existence of objective truth.Nor by denying that any king, law book, or legislature has any special deontic authority (the ability to magically divine or reveal our obligations, or to create them by fiat) do we deny that there are objective standards of justice. In both cases we merely concede that we are all in the same standing regarding truth or justice, respectively and we leave it to each individual to seek it for themselves, to sway others with arguments where they can, and to act upon it as they cast necessary or appropriate, regardless of decrees or prior ag reements to the contrary.

Advantages of cctv

Crime prevention has been manywhat a involution that most authorities face as they try to come up with new measures to deter plague and anti-social behaviour among citizens. One of the ways to prevent these problems is by using Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) in places where there are evil risks such as shopping cores and banks. The CCTV net be defined as the use of video cameras to transmit signals or images to a specific place or set of monitors, which allows faithful monitoring and charge.Nowadays, CCTVs are widely used to prevent disgusts and some are installed in public commonwealths. I agree that it plays an important role in preventing discourtesy and antl-soclal behaviour. Since crime and anti-soclal behaviours such as theft, rape, and other bold acts tummy cause damage to our society, measures such as Installing CCTVs in certain areas butt end be used to deter such acts. The act of breaking the law or antl-soclal behaviour such a vandalism of government prope rty are do because the criminals believe that there is no one or no authorized personnel watching their wrongdoings.They believe that they washbasin escape from the law because there is no evidence or witness to the crime. By installing CCTVs in areas where the crime rate is high, for example, parking hemorrhoid or car parks, crimes Ilke car theft can be cut. In a survey done by Northeastern University, it was analysed that the surveillance cameras subscribe to helped in crime reduction, with a decline of 51% crime rates In parking lots. Recently, more state are installing CCTVs in their private domicil to stop break-ins. Criminals become discouraged when they see these devices.This is because the cameras may record he criminals actions and their faces. The cameras presence in the area can curb the criminals from committing the crime for fear of being recorded on tape. Besides that, the technology of surveillance cameras nominate improved through expose the years, providing high quality and high definition videos and images that can capture the inside information of peoples physical appearance with the exact time and place. This may well instil hesitation and fear in the hearts of law-offenders, thus dampening their urge to commit crimes.The CCTVs do not only discourage the acts of crime, moreover It serves as roviding critical evidence for certain crimes. For example, CCTVs were substantially useful in the murder of James Bulger in England In the year of 1993. As James mother was momentarily distracted in the shopping mall where they were shopping, the surveillance cameras In the shopping mall recorded scenes of how 2-year-old James was abducted by two 10-year-old boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson. They brought him out from the shopping mall and to several places before finally murdering him near a cemetery.The video footage documented by the CCTVs of the hopping mall were succeed and displayed in national television by the media. A woman who k new Venables and that he had played truant with Thompson that day, proverb the video and recognized him. She immediately contacted the police and the two been recognized, and they may abide caused other murders or anti-social behaviours which mystify a definite threat to people, in this case, small children. The CCTVs have helped to create hard evidence that is unchallenged.CCTVs have been a very modern measure in reducing crime rates, but some people argue that it actually displaces crime, rather than deterring it. Easily-available mini CCTVs have been surviven to be used for criminal activity. It can be install at automatic teller machines (ATM) to steal peoples personal identification number without them cognise it. Apart from the fact that it may violate peoples privacy, the CCTVs videos are easily hacked and obtained. Some may use these videos illegitimately for their own use, usually for artistic purposes.In addition, some people think that the CCTVs cannot prevent crime , because crime prevention can only be done through education or correction of behaviour. They think that the surveillance cameras do nothing to inhibit crime, as in some occasions, crime still occur even though the cameras are present. For instance, a bank can still be robbed even with CCTVs operating for 24 hours. During robbery, the robbers can very well conceal their faces from the recording cameras simply by wearing a mask or cloth to avoid recognition. Their acts may be recorded, but their faces have been hidden.As a result, the videos obtained might prove non-useful. That is why some people believe that the CCTVs actually have no role in preventing crime. In conclusion, crime prevention using CCTVs is not the only way to combat crime and anti-social behaviour, but it is one of the matter-of-fact ways that should be implemented. There are some countries that install CCTVs in public areas for the purpose of deterring crime and anti-social behaviour such as United Kingdom. A su rvey by University of Cambridge stated that the installations of the cameras have reduced crime and anti-social activity rates in public locations with a drop of 7%.In highways in some countries, CCTVs are fixed to poles or in trees to detect road-bullies nd drivers who exceed the speed limits. So, I powerfully believe that the CCTVs are particularly useful in both private housing and public places, as it can create the uncomfortable mite of being closely observed as offenders commit misconduct. This feeling can generate a certifiedness in them, making them reluctant to break the law. Looking at the fgures, these methods have positive effects in controlling crime. Therefore, the CCTVs have a significant role in preventing crime and anti-social behaviour.CCTV Cameras are very useful when it comes to offering reliable monitoring and urveillance to a particular location. They are efficient equipment which help in the prevention of crime they help keep criminals from breaking inside r esidences and overly stealing valuables. However, strongly believe that having CCTV security cameras at lieu has more disadvantages than advantages. Apart from their strengths, CCTV Cameras are inexpedient when it comes to personal privacy. Homeowners whoVe got CCTV camera systems set up in their own homes are going to be monitored 2417.They wont have the capacity to perform what they wish to do ecause they are being watched every ace second, every single minute, every single day It could be very annoying and in addition troublesome to appear in a video clip in which you have picked out your nose. It could be really irritating that the smallest interrogative sentence that you try is going to be captured inside a video. Getting several CCTV Cameras and installing the best CCTV cameras at home can certainly help protect against as well as discourage crooks and also intruders. Yet, youre also limited from performing a lot of things without restraint.There are a few of the disadva ntages of CCTV cameras to peoples personal quadriceps such as no more personal discussions. Each family member can easily know what you and your pal is discussing over the phone. Your conversation wont be recorded completely, but it will capture whatever you have said in your conversation. So if it is something against one of the members of the family, everyone will know. Besides that, no more bewilderments. You cant plan for your mothers surprise birthday party together with your brothers and sisters because it will be documented on video.There are security CCTV cameras which can ecord not only the video footage but also the audio clearly. If peradventure you are thinking slightly surprising your own mommy for her 50th birthday celebration along with your siblings, dont plan it inside your home because it is going to be found by your mother in case she reads the cameras recorded videos. In addition, Youre conscious constantly. Having CCTV Cameras observing you will make you sen se mindful. You need to act normally and even severely. You cant carry out outrageous things like running undressed in your home when youre home alone.You cant fart r perhaps burp anywhere indoors. Picking your nose is actually a no-no, too. These will simply embarrass you if your pay back begins to check out the videos and discovers everything you did. then moping and crying even inside your bedroom shouldnt be done. Let us say the man youre dating Just broke up with you and you wanted to be by yourself in your room to weep as well as let your emotions out. But you will find cameras installed inside. emit inside the bedroom is going to be little bit uncomfortable since everyone will see you moping and crying.