How to reduce smoking in america Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How to reduce smoking in america - Essay Example Cigarettes also come with huge financial implications to the smokers and their families; for instance, with a pack of cigarettes costing about 10$ in some areas, a pack per day smokers spent a whopping $3,650 in a year. In this regard, cigarette smoking not only leads to catastrophic health risks, it also comes with huge financial ramifications to the smokers and the American society in general. America should actively reduce smoking for the good of everyone as this is likely to have more benefits to the people such as improved health and financials. This paper will focus on how America can reduce smoking as a health hazard, to improve the health of its citizenry and to make America a better place for future generations. America has been traditionally engaged with the task of merely reducing preventable deaths through cigarette smoking especially in recognition of the fact that it cannot be stopped entirely. So much has been done already, but still there is yet a lot to be achieved i n that new cigarette addicts emerge every day in America. One of the major strategies that can work in America is the controversial cigarettes’ tax hike, which has a high potential of lowering the smoking rates in America. According to a research by the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, there was a considerable drop in cigarette sales in 2009 after a 62-cent hike per pack was passed (Hargreaves); if this trend is anything to go by, then it means that a tax hike on cigarettes can have substantial public health benefits. Recently, president Obama’s proposal to affect a 94-cent per pack hike on cigarettes stirred a lot of debate with anti-smoking groups in support of the move against some tax experts and tobacco companies. The tax has been designed as a way of cutting smoking rates and a source of income for educational programmes across America; a cigarette free society would definitely make America a better place to live. The other approach that America should quickly ado pt in order to reduce smoking is to fund tobacco control programs that aim to limit smoking of cigarettes in America. A much disturbing revelation is that many US-state governments have not prioritized the task of reducing cigarette smoking in their expansive programs. According to Reuters, many US-state governments receive huge sums of money from tobacco sales and legal settlements with cigarette makers, but only a little is spent on funding programs that can help people reduce and quit smoking altogether (Gray). Anti-tobacco media campaigns can be another effective way of reducing smoking in America as this will raise awareness on the dangers of cigarettes to the public and the health benefits associated with reduced smoking. For instance, more aggressive approaches such as uncompromising graphic admonition on cigarette packages can be very effective on discouraging cigarette smoking; however, despite that this rule has been implemented in many countries around the world, as has b een maintained in the US federal courts (Daynard). This is largely because it is feared that the advertising may infringe on the manufacturers First Amendment rights thus cigarettes are still tolerated in American societies while the courts hesitate. Cigarette manufacturers would rather safeguard their profits at the expense of the unsuspecting public and as such would want nothing to jeopardize their trade in the

What do you consider to be the key differences between orthodox and Essay

What do you consider to be the key differences between orthodox and new approaches to International Political Economy Illustrate your answer with particula - Essay Example Thus, it has become interdisciplinary studies of economics, law and political science, which help in grasping the inter-relation of political institutions and capitalism – how they affect each other in the political environment. The new range of approaches to ‘International political economy’ (IPE) refers to international trade and finance and government’s monetary and fiscal policies that decide which way the international business of a state proceeds. These approaches to IPE are linked with the journal The Review of International Political Economy (RIPE), edited by British and American scholars.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy) ) Ronen Palan in his book, Global Politician Economy: Contemporary theories, has summarized the IPE in the preface of the book - â€Å"†¦. The emphasis on negotiation, contestation and historical narrative underlines the open-endedness of contemporary processes in the Global Political Economy†. http://www.mammadli.az/political_economy.htm The name of Robert Gilpin, the dean of American students of international political economy stands high in the field because of the new approach to IPE, which is due to the focus he has given to essential economic, political and technological forces changing the world. His Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Political Order is a masterpiece of scholarly research done on the different approaches to comprehend international economic relations. The book also takes into consideration the problems the new economy faces. Gilpin has taken into consideration the new emerging economic and political forces; how the new technology, computing and regionalism are changing the face of world economy after the end of cold war. He has laid emphasis in particular to globalisation of the economy, actual and underlying meaning of economic affairs and the level of its importance, nature and how far goes the role of economic affairs and

Employment Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Employment Law - Case Study Example I'm only doing my job." He then picked up heavy glass paperweight from the desk and threw it at Mrs Simpson, hitting her in the face which resulted in serious injury. Tom tried to justify his behavior by claiming that his line manager, Sarah Harper, has been constantly criticizing his performance, customer care approach and time keeping. Later, at an official party, where he was rebuked and laughed at for his conduct with the customer, he picked up fight and injured one of his co-employee. In the facts and circumstances given above, two incidents of causing injury are directly attributable to the employee. Thus, the issue presented for consideration is as to who would be held liable for compensation to the victims for the tortuous and wrongful act of Tom Barnes. Apart from the criminal liability of Tom Barns for which a separate action would lie either by the employer or by the customer, in all probabilities, the relief of monetary compensation or punitive damages can be sought by the customer by primarily suing the employer as defendant as the employer is liable under tort for the acts committed by his employee. The liability of the employer for the tort or wrongful commission of an act by an employee emanates from the well known maxim "Respondent Superior", which means, Superior is responsible or let the principal be liable. This liability derives its validity from the fact that he who does an act through another is deemed in law to do it himself. This is also known as vicarious liability of the employer. Vicarious Liability As stated above, Vicarious liability is an old principle of employment law whereby the employer is held to be responsible for the acts of its employees when they are acting within the course and scope of their employment. The vicarious liability of the employer can be traced to the definition of employer-employee relationship propounded by the U.S.Supreme Court in the case of United States v. Silk (1) 91 L.Ed. 1757: 331 U.S. 304 (319), per Reed, J. wherein it was agreed that the test was whether the men were employees " as a matter of economic reality". The important factors were said to be "the degrees of control, opportunity of profit or loss, investment in facilities, permanency of relations and skill required in the claimed independent operation." The indicia of employer-employee relationship is further elaborated in the "Re-statement of the Law" (2) as follows: (a) The extent of control which, by agreement, the master may exercise over the details of the work; (b) Whether or not the one employed is engaged in a distinct occupation or business; (c) The kind of occupation with reference to whether, in the locality the work is usually done under the directions of the employer or by a specialist without supervision. (d) The skill required in the particular occupation; (e) Whether the employer or the workman supplies the instrumentalities, tools and the place of work for the person doing the work; (f) The length of time for which the person is employed; (g) The method of payment, whether by the time or by the job; (h) Whether or not the work is a part of regular business of the employer; and (i) Whether or not the parties believe they are creating the relationship of master and servant. It would follow from the above that since the employee is in total control and supervision

The Pros and Cons of Search and Seizure Laws Research Paper

The Pros and Cons of Search and Seizure Laws - Research Paper Example The paper tells that sometimes, government representatives can search individual’s property usually regarded as private for constitutional reasons. Normally, the search happens when the person possesses or permanently lives in the area of search. When a representative of the government uses control over a person so he feels he cannot liberally leave or end the interaction with the representative there is occurrence of a seizure. However, a seizure occurs only when an individual yields to the government but in case the individual avoids detention or escapes, there is no occurrence of seizure. In the police department, Search and Seizure process is a famous occurrence. Since the process is legal, any official from the law enforcement department can carry out a search on one's individual property in case there is some kind of suspicion on the individual about involvement in any kind of criminal activity. However, several rules to observe when executing a search and seizure proced ure. In the United States Constitution, the search and seizure procedure is in the fourth amendment act. However, the society regularly violates this act because it additionally offers the affected citizens the assurance to ask for security against the seizure idea. The main reason for the Fourth Amendment was to shield the personal privacy and rights of American citizens. It states that every person has the right to be safe in their persons, papers, houses, and effects against insensible searches and seizures. In addition, this amendment explains the making and execution of specific warrants. This law is very important when tackling drug cases because the way the police discover and seize the drugs is important in any drug crime case. In addition, after a thorough investigation the search and seizure can be valid admissible evidence in court (California Criminal lawyers, 2010). It is evident that the African Americans experience an uneven share of arrests and prison sentences. Alth ough this could be because of differences in the disparity flows in crime rates across population groups, it could also be because of the discrepancy being an outcome of discriminatory targeting of suspects by the police. Since the fourth Amendment law says nothing about their exercise of enforcement judgment about the pool of potential suspects, the police can target whomever they desire. Consequently, the black drivers have no legal claim in case the police officers stop large numbers of black drivers allegedly for speeding but mainly examine the presence of drugs while stopping few whites (Law.jrank, 2011). The main reason why the courts invalidated vagrancy and loitering is the acts of racism together with broad police judgment. In order to fight these two vices, the modern government is turning its focus on suspects' privacy interests and taking on a fictive view of agreement that permits a good deal of informal coercion to happen. However, this method is not effective because the police have no authority like the one present in the old regime to help them carry out effective community policing (Stuntz, 1999). The major focus of the search and seizure law is to protect privacy. "Privacy" in this case does not mean the generalized right for exclusion but rather, the interest of being free from observation. Additionally, this law helps protect the community from the evil acts in which only the police can reveal and see but the ordinary citizen cannot hence the police are able to incriminate the criminals (Law.jrank, 2011). As Agarwal (2008) affirms, the major purpose of the enforcement of search and seizure laws is to protect the society against all insecurity and delinquency. The law of search and seizure helps to respect and protect the privacy of community members. In this regard, it helps in

Response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 27

Response paper - Essay Example The author also says that there were many continuations of the Algerian War found in the modern French society (McCormack 200). The Algerian War in history terms shows parts of the present in relation to its sequels. I believe the Algerian War memories are important in understanding the modern French society. The Algerian war memory has been reserved while the Indo-China conflict has been truly out of the memory, as it does not reappear in the present. The repression of the memory is unhealthy for the French community as it results in repetition of old divisions. It prevents a peaceful mind from existing and brings about the injury produced by painful memories (McCormack 220). Essentially, the commemoration of the Algerian War events should be perceived as an opportunity for the French administration to show their readiness to the Fifth Republic to identify the problematic facets of its history. The French government must generate a report through the creation of a commission to gather evidence and facts about the Algerian war. Great work needs to be done if France is to conquer the divisions in the French society that were inherited from the

Referring to academic theory and drawing on examples of practice Essay

Referring to academic theory and drawing on examples of practice provide a detailed discussion on Learning and and demonstrate how it relate to the context of entrepreneurship - Essay Example This paper will explain the theory based approaches to seek clarity of custom subject-object relation. The paper will also exhibit practical applications of agnosticism and a list of differences. The narrative based theory presents a structure where a given business individual’s perception is the entrepreneurship role. The theory’s practical application justifies that an individual’s perception transforms to a reality. Another approach of the same theory reveals that given experience and expertise is significant for identifying opportunities within a community to form ventures of beneficial influence. The third application focuses on the exchange of labor, ideologies and capital investments among individuals (Scheer, 2009). Other reflective entrepreneur fields view the learning process as platform to exercise individual learning to seize opportunity and employ the same for critical decision-making. The collective learning is also a fundamental pillar of entrepreneur learning. This involves generating certain behaviors to sensitize a given entrepreneur who later incorporates available resources within a network system. The general view is to implement ski lls and expertise within disposal to improve a business entity. Entrepreneur learning is a difficult field without embracing entrepreneurial identity. The area of study requires pragmatic engagements from the theoretical approach. This concept entails establishing businesses for the applicable concepts. Entrepreneur learning equips individuals by use of tactical approaches to sustain different organization or business entities. Entrepreneur learning requires investigational or reflective phases to build an individual’s attitude for effective change and management within a business premise. Team working emerges as a major pillar to incorporating entrepreneur pillars. The overall approach to entrepreneur learning originates from the individual perspective,

All forms of government welfare should be abolished Essay - 5

All forms of government welfare should be abolished - Essay Example In such a situation, the government has to make budgetary estimates on how they are going to finance the basic needs that will be supplied to the poor people. From a humanitarian point of view, this is a prudent decision by the government. It has to make sure that all people are comfortable by supplying the needy with food, healthcare, housing and other basic needs like education (Conn, 2012). Secondly, the government is mandated to ensure there is fair distribution and redistribution of wealth and resources to all the people. Some people in the society are endowed with resources, while others are languishing in abject poverty. This creates a situation where on one end; there is a surplus on resources, while on the other hand resources are scarce. To make a fair distribution, the rich and well-to-do with have to assist the others. This creates a fair scenario where all people are served on equal grounds in regard to supply of resources. In my opinion, government welfares should not be abolished. However, they should be controlled effectively. For instance, they should be vigilant in detecting people that genuinely need the program. This will reduce the number of people that are depending on the government welfare. With such control, it is possible that the government welfare expenditure will reduce, which will in return reduce the budget for government welfare. There are many forms of government welfare programs existing in the present world, with each having its function. These financial strategies are used to uplift the livelihood of some people in the society. Some of these people include disabled and poor people in the society. Government welfares have been criticized and risk been abolished citing that the rationale for giving the government welfare is not well structured. The opposition to the government welfare programs has cited various key points that should be considered.